June 1937

NBC finally told the world, in June 1937, when it would begin regular television programming. It wouldn’t be for two more years.

The radio network’s parent company, RCA, signed a deal with the organisers of the New York World’s Fair to operate a TV studio on the fairgrounds.

Variety was extremely disdainful about the idea, calling it “a stunt.” Time proved the editorial wasn’t boffo. It did mark a significant date in American television history.

The announcement also overshadowed one from the other side of the country. W6AXO not only began broadcasting sight and sound together (instead of airing TV audio on Mutual-Don Lee radio stations) but set up a regular schedule of programming.

Back in New York, an experimental TV station was shut down after a very short life. NAB Reports revealed W2NXT was authorised on July 21, 1936 to broadcast just above the AM radio band at 2,000 kcs. It received an extension but when National Television Corp. tried to have its license amended, the FCC shut down the station.

Elsewhere, General Electric, which put W2XCW and W2XAF on the air, was making preparations to go back into the television business, eventually using the call letters W2XB and the better-known WRGB. In Kansas City, it was announced W9XAL would resume broadcasts. And in Spokane, there was a proposal for an educational TV station at Gonzaga University.

In Chicago, the head of Zenith indulged in his favourite pasttime—bashing television. If you read quotes from him over the next ten years, he consistently says television is not ready (even after he opened TV station W9XZV which operated sporadically) and Zenith would not sell TV sets (which the company manufactured). After World War Two, he pushed a pay TV scheme which fizzled out.

Below are some highlights for the month, including a feature story outlining a surprise experimental broadcast from W2XBS. It included a Fleischer Popeye cartoon.

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 2, 1937
FCC Stops Visual Test on 2,000 kc.
THAT the FCC intends to stick to its mandate against television experiments in the so-called continental shortwave band, was indicated June 2 when it denied the application of National Television Corp., New York, for authority to continue operation of a television station [W2XNT] on the frequency band 2,000-2,100 kc. with 500 watts unlimited time.
Last year the FCC promulgated rules specifying that television experiments be restricted to the ultra-high frequencies where practically all of the operations now are going forward. National Television and Purdue University were authorized to continue temporarily in the continental band. In its June 2 action the FCC not only denied National Television the authority for amendment of its special temporary authorization but also entered its final order denying the application of the company for a construction permit to establish and operate a television station on the 2,000-2,100 kc. band.
Purdue University has been experimenting in the 2,000-2,100 kc. band in connection with rural coverage by visual stations. Whether it ultimately will go to the ultra-high frequencies in the region of 40,000 kc., where other television experimenters are harbored, is not revealed at this time but will probably develop upon consideration of its application for renewal.
In the case of National Television, the FCC action of June 2 means that the company no longer has authority to operate experimentally in the television band. It does not have authority to experiment in the ultra-high frequencies. The National Television case was the subject of a hearing before an examiner last year who recommended adversely on its application. (Broadcasting, June 15)

THURSDAY, JUNE 3, 1937
1st Reception Of Television Here Reported
Van Heuvel Picks Up Half-Hour Program on Daily Home News Set
By WILL BALTIN
The first successful reception of television signals in this city has been accomplished by Norman Van Heuvel, local radio engineer, with the picking up of a 30-minute variety program broadcast by the Radio Corporation of America from its Empire State building transmitter in New York City.
Employing the small-sized cathode ray tube, with which he has been experimenting in the construction of The Daily Home News and The Sunday Times television set, Van Heuvel was able to pick up and easily discern the broadcast Tuesday night, which included a variety of newsreels and other motion picture shots.
It was the first time any television signals have been picked up here by an amateur experimenter. The initial reception was witnessed by Mrs. Van Heuvel and her brother, Oliver Brown, as well as the set's builder.
"It was really amazing." said Mrs. Van Heuvel today in describing the scene. "We were all so excited afterward that we hardly slept that night.”
Last summer, Van Heuvel was engaged by The Daily Home News and The Sunday Times to build the first local television set, in view of the growing interest to this new invention. Lack of diagrams and details for construction handicapped the engineer to some extent but research and study of available design of sets made the construction possible.
Since early in February, RCA has been broadcasting periodic television programs from its Empire State transmitter. Shortly after that time Van Heuvel completed the sound portion of the television receiver and was amazed at the strength of the signals, in view of the reports that television signals broadcast on ultra short waves, can only carry as far as the horizon line. New Brunswick is virtually on the New York horizon line.
With the sound receiver completed, the engineer then embarked on the most difficult portion of construction—the sight receiver. Three weeks ago the set was ready for a test and Van Heuvel prepared for his experiments. Here again he was hampered because RCA had discontinued its television broadcasts for the present. Each night efforts were made to pick up the signals but there were no broadcasts.
Tuesday night another attempt was made and at 9:30 o'clock, Van Neuvel was almost startled off his chair when the RCA emblem appeared on the screen and the television program began. He immediately called Mrs. Van Heuvel and Oliver Brown into the room and the three of them watched the broadcast.
Van Heuvel withheld any comment on the reception until yesterday afternoon when he informed The Home News of the successful experiment.
"The set is by no means completed," he said today, "and experiments will continue to improve the wide range amplifier. While the pictures received were slightly distorted, they wen easily discernible. I shall now devote by attention to building a wider range amplifier."
Van Heuvel emphasized that there will be no public demonstration of the set until all work is completed. At present he is making use of a three-inch screen cathode ray tube. This is only for experimental purposes. With the achievement of clearer definition in the pictures through the refinement of the wide range amplifier, Van Heuvel expects to use the new 9 by 12 inch screen cathode ray tube.
The local experimenter has devoted practically all his spare time to the construction at the set during the past three months. He has set up his experimental laboratory at his home in Colonial Gardens and all work has been accomplished there. Last week a special antenna was erected at his home for the television experiments.
Pictures televised from the air and received here included motion pictures of a recent track meet in which races, hurdling and pole vaulting were shown. They also included a swimming meet, with fancy diving as one of the highlights. This was especially well received at the Van Beuvel home. A Popeye comedy was then shown and the program was concluded with pictures of a boxing match.
When the finishing touches are made in the equipment and as soon as RCA releases a definite schedule of television broadcasts, expected in the near future, the Home News-Sunday Times set will he made available for public inspection at special demonstrations which are being planned. (Home News, New Brunswick, N.J., June 3)

GONZAGA BUILDS TELEVISION SET-UP
Construction of a powerful television and shortwave radio transmitting and receiving station is under way at Gonzaga University.
An experimental station, described as one of the most powerful amateur setups in the west, will be in complete operation by the end of the summer, E. McNulty, S. J., of Gonzaga engineering department, told the Chronicle today. The story was revealed in connection with the announcement of a summer course in television, which will start Tuesday evening. It was also announced Gonzaga will offer a four-year electrical engineering course with a department in radio and television next semester.
In two weeks. Gonzaga will put into operation a 1000-watt short-wave transmitter,” Mr. McNulty said. “We will be able to project the Gonzaga programs to all parts of the world.”
By fall, Mr. McNulty anticipates, Gonzaga will have its radio experimental license, Gonzaga now holds an amateur license, permitting the school to broadcast under the call letters, W7FFF.
Working in conjunction with the new 1000-watt short-wave transmitter, television pictures can be transmitted a distance of 15 miles. Mr. McNulty said.
Students enrolling in the summer television course will aid in the construction of the new equipment. (Spokane Chronicle)

FRIDAY, JUNE 4, 1937
Officially inaugurating its new television sound channel transmitter, the television division of the Don Lee Broadcasting System will broadcast two "sight and sound" programs today in observance of the first anniversary of the opening of its high definition television demonstrations to the public. The new transmitter is of the latest grid-modulated design and reproduces sound frequencies from 40 to 10,000 cycles with fidelity. Observing the same schedule as of a year ago, when the Don Lee television organization gave the first public demonstration in the nation, the programs will be aired from 3 to 5 p.m. and 6:30 to 8:30 p.m. Periodic broadcasts have been witnessed by guests at a receiving set under normal home conditions at a location 3 ¾ miles north of the transmitter. More difficult reception was successfully received during April of this year in Pasadena, a distance of ten miles from the television broadcast station, W6XAO, with a mile of hills of three peaks intervening. (Grace Palmer, Hollywood Citizen-News)

THURSDAY, JUNE 10, 1937
New Television Schedule Inaugurated by Don Lee
West Coast Bureau, RADIO DAILY
Los Angeles — New sight-sound television broadcasts announced by Don Lee Television Division include: Monday, 9-10 a.m. (PST), Tuesday, 10-11 a.m.; Wednesday, 11-noon; Thursday, noon-1 p.m.; Friday, 1-2 p.m.; Saturday, 2-3 p.m. Evening broadcasts daily 6:30-7:15. The images are televised on 45,000 kilocycles (6-2/3 meters) with sound broadcast on new frequency of 54,300 kilocycles (5 1/2 meters) with new transmitter of latest grid-modulated design reproducing sound frequencies from 40 to 10,000 cycles.

TUESDAY, JUNE 15, 1937
KXBY Resumes Tele
Kansas City — KXBY has resumed its series of daily quarter-hour broadcasts in connection with experimental television broadcasts made by First National Television School, which owns and operates the radio station. Broadcasts were temporarily discontinued a month ago when station moved to new studios in the Fidelity Bldg. (Radio Daily)

WORLD SERIES BY TELEV
Moss Prepares To Open B’way Theatre With Telecasting Of Baseball Classic An Attraction
New York.—Scenes of the world series next fall will be the first televised entertainment offered to a theatre audience in the United States by B. S. Moss, who returns today from London with telecasting devices which he will install in his 600-seat Broadway and 49th street theatre.
The devices will permit televised entertainment on a full sized screen of events within a 25 mile radius. The new Moss house will open about October 1, using the baseball classic in television as the opening attraction. Moss' decision to show television will be the first actual attempt on the part of any theatre or chain to augment its regular policy with immediate and direct coverage of any event of the day.
The newsreel theatre circuit being organized by Jack Connolly and Courtland Smith, former Pathe News executives, is based on the eventual use of television in circuit theatres which are to be spotted in key cities in United States and Europe. The duo is intending to equip the theatre for television, but Moss' action is the first announced move for immediate use of telecasting in a theatre in this country.
Whether Moss will be able to continue the use of television as a feature of his theatre will depend upon the ability to set up equipment at events being held within a radius of 25 miles of New York. Telecasting is not possible beyond a 50 mile radius because, the earth's parabola blocks television beams, which cannot follow the earth's surface. (Hollywood Reporter)

THURSDAY, JUNE 17, 1937
W2XBS, New York (NBC)
4:15-5:00 p.m.—Broadcast from NBC Television Studio (sound on WJZ and other NBC Blue stations).

Radio-Tele Bldg. at World Fair
RCA to Erect Structure Covering All Branches of Broadcasting--New 441 Line Television Shown
David Sarnoff, RCA president, and Grover Whalen, president of the 1939 New York World's Fair, yesterday [17] in the NBC television studios signed an agreement whereby RCA will construct a building at the fair which will cover all branches of radio and television.
Signing of the agreement was televised to the New York area through the NBC television transmitter, W2XBS, in the Empire State Building. The voice transmission was sent out over the NBC-Blue network. This is the first time the signing of a contract has been televised and the first time the sound which accompanied the picture has been sent out over a national network simultaneously with the televised broadcast.
It was also the first time that the press had witnessed the new 441-line television picture and all agreed it was a definite improvement over the 343-line image of a year ago. RCA gave a demonstration for the Institute of Radio Engineers some weeks ago, but that was a private showing.
The building to be erected at the Fair will be of ultra-modern construction and will be linked directly with the NBC television transmitter in Manhattan. Outstanding fair events will be televised and shown to the visitors for the first time in radio history.
In making the announcement of RCA participation, Sarnoff said that Lenox R. Lohr, NBC president, would be in charge of the RCA family's participation in the fair. Lohr was formerly head of the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition.
After the ceremonies were televised, Lohr stated that when television is perfected no actors will be allowed to read from scripts. Sarnoff, Lohr and Whalen all read their speeches from paper and as a result only the tops of their faces were visible to the reporters present.
Lohr also estimated that RCA would spend over $1,000,000 for the fair building and equipment. The building will be known as the "World of Tomorrow." Some of the press representatives present were under the impression that the conclave was to be a television demonstration, but Lohr denied that it was. He said that the television receivers which picked up the program in the NBC board room and O. B. Hanson's office were hurriedly wired together at Camden and sent to New York for this occasion.
Betty Goodwin, NBC television announcer, opened and closed the television ceremonies. (Radio Daily, June 18)

NBC World’s Fair Inking Ceremony Proves Unflattering to Television
NBC and New York World's Fair officials got together on a stunt broadcast last week. On paper it was a natural. As it came out, however, it was decidedly a nag of another hue.
What the World's Fair got was the, valuable ballyhoo of a nationwide broadcast. What NBC got was an unfavorable impression of television.
Spark that set the whole shebang off was NBC's contracting to pay $29,339.82 for a site of 81,699 square feet at the New York World's Fair of 1939. Plot of ground will be used to erect an exhibit showing the story of radio and its future and housing studios for both radio and television.
To ballyhoo that deal, as well as to plug its television progress, NBC staged the stunt. David Sarnoff, RCA president; Grover Whalen, World's Fair prez, and Lenox R. Lohr, NBC prexy, inked contracts for the deal as the stars of a television broadcast.
Ceremonies were, broadcast over a national hook-up, with glowing speeches by the three principals. Also broadcast by television for the RCA and NBC execs who have television receivers in their offices and homes. Was said later it was the first ceremony of official nature ever sent out by television and the first television broadcast also aired by radio. Daily and trade paper reporters watched and heard the ceremonies via receivers in the NBC offices.
As a demonstration of practical television, the stunt left plenty to be desired. In fact it might be called an expose, rather than a demonstration. The image, reflected in the raised top of the receiver, is about seven, by nine inches in size. Lohr stated during the ceremony that television reproduction is now as satisfactory as 16 mm. film projection in the home, but the demonstration hardly bore him out.
Flicker Still Present
Same flicker that has characterized previous television images was present, possibly even more accentuated. Focusing was faulty, with outlines and images blurred. Lighting seemed to provide the most trouble, frequent blinks flashing on the tube end.
Still, all three principals in the show were easily recognizable.
Aside from the technical difficulties still unsolved by television, the demonstration highlighted one point that has frequently been mentioned in regard to practical television. That is the program angle. While the broadcast may have sounded interesting and impressive via radio, it was tiresome as reproduced by television.
Lohr explained after the demonstration that the transmitting equipment had been virtually tossed together at the last minute to comply with his and Sarnoff 's sudden decision to televise the ceremonies of sighing the Fair contract. Paraphernalia was dismantled to permit some experiments several weeks ago and the intention was not to reassemble it until late this month, Lohr said, adding that the result of the hurry job was a number of television flaws.
In their speeches accompanying the signing, Sarnoff, Lohr and Whalen all did a Gaston-Alphonse routine about 'so honored to have you with us,' 'so happy to reach this agreement,' etc. Boiled down, the speeches simply meant that RCA and NBC had contracted to spend bundle of coin to ballyhoo their radio and television achievements and facilities to the 50,000,000 (estimated. by Whalen) who will visit the Fair.
How vague the whole thing is at present can be judged from the fact that the question of whether RCA-NBC have the site for one or two seasons in return for their $29,000 hasn't been decided. (Variety, June 23)

FRIDAY, JUNE 18, 1937
RCA Television Tubes Installed at KC Plant
Kansas City — Four RCA electronic television tubes and equipment, to make the newly established 441-line television station here [W9XAL] the first to be so equipped west of Philadelphia, have been installed by Midland Television Inc.
Midland's station will be used in connection with the school opening in the fall, but eventually will be employed by KMBC when commercial television makes its bow. (Radio Daily)

TUESDAY, JUNE 22, 1937
GE to Build Television Transmitter in Albany
Schenectady, N. Y., June 22.
Installation by General Electric of a short wave, high-frequency transmitter for television broadcasting will begin within five weeks, the first step being, the erection of a 20-foot tower atop the State Office Building, Albany, the tallest structure in this section. Permission for the installation was obtained from FCC some months ago.
Willard J. Purcell, chief engineer of WGY, will supervise the work. Equipment to cost about $20,000.
When completed, the transmitter will send out the 'quasi-ocular' radio wave, which for a long time has been the problem child of television. The Albany transmitter will operate on a five to seven meter range, with a receiving radius of approximately 30 miles. (Variety, June 23)

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 23, 1937
Radio-Television Exhibit By Westinghouse at Fair
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. will present an exhibit and demonstrations of the latest developments in radio and television, among other things, at the New York World's Fair in 1939. The company has just signed the first formal contract for exhibit space in a building to be erected at the Fair. (Radio Daily)

THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 1937
NEW YORK CITY—A report by the Radio Corporation of America is to the effect that nearly fifty television sets are in practical use by executives and engineers of the company, and that they receive daily broadcasts from the experimental station in the tower of the Empire State Building. (Saline County Record, and others)

THURSDAY, JUNE 30, 1937
Television Far Away, States Comdr. McDonald.
Addressing a recent world convention of Zenith Radio dealers in Chicago, the assertion that television has proved "a colossal flop" in England was made by Comdr. Eugene F. McDonald Jr., president of Zenith Radio Corp., in applying June 30 for a construction permit for an experimental television station in Chicago [W9XZV]. The London public, said Comdr. McDonald, noted not only as a radio manufacturer but also as an explorer, is complaining bitterly because of the lack of acceptable programs while paying about $450 for television receivers.
"Television is just around the corner—for stock salesmen only," said Comdr. McDonald. He said it was a long way off for general use in the home. His company, he said, has been working on television in its laboratories for several years, but he stated the art has many economic and technical problems yet to be solved. Zenith, he said, has refused and will continue to refuse to be "stampeded" into prematurely placing on the market its television apparatus. (Broadcasting, July 15)

May 1937

Television’s biggest story in May 1937 came from overseas. King George VI was crowned in London and British television aired the ceremony.

There’s nothing to suggest the coronation was seen on American television, unless a station aired a newsreel with footage from the regal event. There’s very little indication what exactly was being broadcast on the small screen in the U.S.

Judging by newspaper listings, W9XAT in Minneapolis ceased broadcasts with WDGY radio and even W6XAO in Hollywood was not working as often with KHJ.

NBC continued to show off technical developments while RCA president David Sarnoff insisted there would be no commercial television in 1937 (there wasn’t). Meanwhile, CBS had pretend TV on the West Coast. The company didn’t have an affiliate in Los Angeles until 1949 and bought the former W6XAO the following year.

The highlights below also include a description of a broadcasting day in London.

SATURDAY, MAY 1, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W6XAO, Hollywood
8:00-8:15—Television (sound on KHJ).

SUNDAY, MAY 2, 1937
WOR is working on television though its plans are shielded by a greater air of secrecy than in other experimental laboratories. WOR, affiliated with the Don Lee broadcasting system, is cooperating in the development with the Don Lee organization. At present, Don Lee Television is transmitting daily pictures of 300 lines to the image, repeated at the rate of 24 images per second. (Will Baltin, New Brunswick Sunday Times).

MONDAY, MAY 3, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

TUESDAY, MAY 4, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

Few Technical Problems Remain for Television
Washington Bureau, RADIO DAILY
Washington — From the standpoint of technical problems, only a few minor details remain to be solved for television, says Commander T. A. M. Craven, chief engineer of the FCC. Agreeing with remarks of David Sarnoff that television to the public is now an artistic and economic rather than a technical problem. Craven said the only reason visual broadcasting is being held up is due to the allocating of frequencies. There may be more hearings on the matter, he added.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 5, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

THURSDAY, MAY 6, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

Fred Niblo, recently heard over the air as commentator and master of ceremonies, has joined the NBC Artists Service, coordinating the division’s talent activities with television programs. This is the first major move in the department’s extensive program to expand its activities.
Niblo has been an adventurer, traveler, lecturer, explorer, actor, author and film director. He launched his career when very young as an actor, playing every-thing from end-man in a minstrel show to the lead in Shakespeare's "Othello." He then toured all over the world, and for eight successive Summers topped the stage bill at the Palace Theater in London.
From adventures in many remote sectors of the globe, he gathered sufficient material to turn lecturer. After two years, Niblo returned to the stage. Later he spent three years in Australia. 1915 found him back in the United States starring in George M. Cohan's "Hit the Trail Halliday."
Films next claimed him, beginning in 1918 as director for the late Thomas H. Ince, made such films as "The Mirk of Zorro," “The Three Musketeers," "Camille," "The Red Lily," "The Temptress," "The Mysterious Lady," "Redemption,” "The Love Dream” and "Ben Hur." (Seymour Roman, Brooklyn Times-Union)

FRIDAY, MAY 7, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

SATURDAY, MAY 8, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

SUNDAY, MAY 9, 1937
Television Network Now Held Possible
Creation of a nationwide television network with assured performance is now possible as a result of reduction in cost of the coaxial cable strung by A. T. & T. between New York and Philadelphia for experimental purposes, RADIO DAILY is advised by Electrical Research Products, A. T. & T. subsidiary. Tests on the cable have completely fulfilled all laboratory calculations, it is stated.

Lohr Says Most of Country May Never Have Television
Chicago — Although television has greater possibilities for selling goods than any medium available before, it is possible that 95 per cent of the American population will never see television broadcasts because only cities over 100,000 can support the new medium unless radical changesare made. President Lenox R. Lohr of NBC declared yesterday [8] in a talk before the Chicago Federated Advertising Club.
Only centers like New York, Hollywood and Chicago have enough live talent to feed television, Lohr pointed out. Size of television scenes, previously limited to a half dozen persons in a 12-foot area, has been increased, Lohr said. Last week a ballroom scene was successfully broadcast by NBC. Several years of headaches are ahead before television is available for advertisers, he stated.
Lohr also pointed to the possibilities of facsimile ultra high frequencies. Facsimile is available in good form now, but is too expensive to be exploited for years.
Guests at the ad club luncheon included Charles G. Dawes, Rufus C. Dawes, Niles Trammell, W. E. MacFarlane, Fred Weber of Mutual, Glenn Snyder, president of Chicago Broadcasters Ass'n, Harry Smith, WBBM sales chief, and others.

MONDAY, MAY 10, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

Television to Fore in Britain; All-Day Broadcast Wednesday
Coronation Events to Be Transmitted; Tribune Correspondent Sees Tents, Is Impressed
By BOB FORESMAN
Tribune Staff Correspondent
LONDON, England.—An event which will be remembered much longer and is of much greater importance to the world than the coronation will take place Wednesday [12] in London.
It will be an all-day television broadcast of the coronation procession, crowds and feature "shots” of the coronation by the British Broadcasting Co.
It will be the first time that portable television units will be switched from place to place and descriptions and pictures made.
London already has television on a practical basis.
As a guest of the Marconi company, I watched tests being made for the coronation.
“It was perfect," is the only way I can describe it.
1,000 Sets In London
There are now nearly 1,000 privately-owned Marconi sets in London within a 25-mile radius of the broadcasting station atop Alexander place in north London.
At present the British Broadcasting Co. is presenting two broadcasts daily, one from 3 to 4 p. m, and the other from 9 to 11 p. m.
Sitting in a demonstration room with a five-foot aerial, I saw an hour's performance as the scene shifted from one spot to another in London, with portable equipment and engineers cruising the city at random.
The set we were watching sells for 60 pounds or $300, and is available for regular broadcasts with world selectivity. It is on sale at over 25 radio dealers in London and can be purchased for a pound down and a pound a week until paid for.
Cricket Match By Air
The screen is about a foot square and the beam is reflected up from inside the set through a system of mirrors.
The first thing flashed on the screen was the words: "The Alexander Palace television station is testing."
This five-minute period gives the listeners time to tune and get in focus. Then we heard a prima donna sing from the broadcasting studios. Next we jumped to the studio of an artist and watched him paint a picture in eight minutes and explain his methods.
A cricket match suddenly appeared, then we saw memorial services at Chatham for the men who died there when a German torpedo struck a British boat in the war.
Competition for Theater Seen
Finally came what I thought was the climax. It was a full reel of Movietone News. It was perfect. You could see the cadets marching and everything in the film was just as good as could been seen at a motion picture show. "There is no doubt about it," Stanley Grandels, a Marconi engineer told me, "but that television will replace the theater to a large extent."
The London station, the only one in the British Isles, is not a powerful station, but can be heard plainly for 26 miles. A more powerful one will soon be built.
It has a huge sending tower atop Alexander palace, that is 200 feet high and 300 feet above the ground. It has prongs out from the sides near the top and resembles a Roman battle-ax.
The waves come in screen fashion, much like an engraver's plate is made. The whole system works on a system of shadows and pitches. Transmission is just as fast as radio sound and the set itself is about half the size of an upright piano, with the screen near the top in the middle. (Tulsa Tribune)

TUESDAY, MAY 11, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 12, 1937
Television Experts See New Cathode Ray Tube
Recent Development Permits Projection Of Air Pictures On Larger Screen
By C. E. BUTTERFIELD
(Associated Press Radio Editor)
New York, May 12—Television on a screen—images 18 by 24 inches square produced by a newly developed cathode ray tube—was demonstrated to the Silver Anniversary Convention of the Institute of Radio Engineers here today.
The picture has a brightness equal to that of home movies. By increasing the distance from the screen it is possible to obtain one as large as three by four feet good enough to be viewed by an audience of several hundred.
Enlargement is obtained through a simple optical system placed before the fluorescent end of the tube, where the original picture appears as the small size of 1 1-2 by 2 1-4 inches.
Details of the new tube, which is the result of several years research in the laboratories of the Radio Corporation of America, were outlined in papers written by Dr. W. H. Zworykin, W. H. Painter and Dr. R. R. Law, the men directly concerned with its design.
It is the outgrowth of the "kinescope," the television receiving tube that paints imager on its flat end but does not project them. The largest 'kinescope" to date with a viewing end 15 inches in diameter, permits pictures approximately 9 by 12 inches.
While the projection tube is regarded in scientific circles as a distinct advancement, Dr. Law said it had not yet reached the stage where it can be used outside the laboratory. Work is being continued to develop the luminescent material of the fluorescent screen, which will withstand the terrific bombardment of the electrons that build up the image.
The tube, 18 inches in length but much smaller in diameter at the largest end than the "kinescope", has as its principal feature a new type of "electron gun" developed by Dr. Law and his associates. The "gun", which focuses the flying electrons, had to be designed to produce an extremely slender beam yet have brilliancy enough for projection.
The demonstration, part of an entire afternoon devoted to a television symposium, was planned to include a showing to the visiting engineers of the field-test 441-line pictures produced by the R.C.A.-N.B.C. stations on the Empire State Building from the Radio City studios.
Illumination tests by Harley Iams, R. B. James and W. H. Hickok, also of the R. C. A. laboratories, led them to conclude in another paper that outdoor television pick-ups of football games were less likely to be satisfactory than parades and races. This, they held, was due to the time of the day and the lateness of the season that the game is played.
In the measurement and recording of the brightness of scenes typical for television they also found that present equipment was sufficiently responsive for baseball, which is played in the sunniest months of the year. Whether outdoor results were good, fair or poor, they added, depended to a large extent upon the angle of the sun at different times of the day.
Dr. Zworykin, in a paper having the collaboration of G. A. Morton and L. E. Flory, said that the "Icononcope," the electric camera of television, still was undergoing improvement looking toward greater sensitivity.

THURSDAY, MAY 13, 1937
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

Television Takes Coronation to 30,000; Success Is Hailed
London, May 13 — (AP) — Television took the Coronation parade [12] to some 30,000 persons far away from the actual scene, and today the consensus was it had been markedly successful.
Even so, officials of the British Broadcasting Co. said if there had been sunshine instead of rain the pictures would have been 50 per cent better.
The "televiewers" saw the spectacle in the comfort of their homes, in offices, in motion picture theatres and in halls hired for the occasion.
It was like viewing a movie accompanied by a running commentary, but instead the watchers were witnessing what was going on at the very moonlit some distance away.
Because the television apparatus was installed at a vantage point at Hyde Park corner, near the end of the route, the "televiewers” were able to get better views of the procession than many of those on the spot, even though the rain began just before the broadcast started and continued throughout the hours of transmission.

Lee Television Broadcast
West Coast Bureau, RADIO DAILY
Los Angeles — Don Lee television department will observe National Foreign Trade Week, which starts Saturday, with an opening day broadcast of "Commerce Around the Coffee Cup" (film) , sound over KHJ and images over W6XAO, for 15 minutes, starting 8 p.m. PST. Harry R. Lubcke, television chief, will have as guests at his home receiver, Clayton Lane, acting chairman Foreign Trades Division, Washington; William H. Schroeder, general chairman of Los Angeles Foreign Trades week committee; Stanley T. Olafson, Walter Measday, A. C. Eichollz and other committee men assisting in the week's program here.

SATURDAY, MAY 15, 1937
W6XAO Hollywood
8:00-8:15—Film: “Commerce Around the Coffee Cup” (sound on KHJ).

Television On Screen Newest Development of Visual Radio
By C. E BUTTERFIELD
NEW YORK, May 15 (AP) — Science rays that midday under bright skies with the sun directly overhead isn't necessarily the best vision period of the 24 hours. Rather, mid-morning and mid-afternoon are much more ideal.
See what Harley Iams, R. B. Janes and W. H. Hickok of the RCA television laboratories have had to say on the subject. They based their statements on a series of measurements of the brightness of scenes made over a period of years to determine the suitability of typical outdoor activities that might be televised.
"On clear, summer days, scenes arc frequently brighter at mid-morning or mid-afternoon than when the sun is directly overhead, they concluded.
Why is this so?
It’s the angle of the sun's rays that produces the effect, or to put it in the language of the research men:
"Although illumination on a horizontal plane is maximum at noon, reflection of the sloping rays of the other hours produces better conditions for television pickup. This is true because most things of interest to human vision are disposed in vertical plane, from which sloping lays produce greater light reflection."
Colors of Sun's Rays
Their study did not stop there. They went into the subject of the colors making up the sun's rays and found that:
"When the sun is shining unobscured, there is a preponderance of red rays. When it is hidden by a cloud in an otherwise clear sky, there are more blue rays. Since the two colors lie at nearly opposite ends of the visible spectrum, the television camera must not be color blind."
Along this same line they also checked up on the light-dulling effects of city smoke in the atmosphere, Indicating that such conditions would he somewhat of a detriment to television.
The data obtained then was charted against such television possibilities as a baseball game.
The scientists expressed the belief that present pickup equipment, known as the "Iconoscope" or electric camera, would he sufficiently responsive to provide radiograph movies of the game.
They also stated that parades and races would be equally satisfactory. About football, they were not so hopeful, however, that's because the game is played in the season of the year when the day is growing shorter and when even the shouting spectators on the scene have to strain eyes to follow the plays as dusk approaches.

TUESDAY, MAY 18, 1937
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI, 910 kcs.

APPLICATIONS GRANTED
W6XAO, Los Angeles—CP and license add aural trans. to television station, 150w A3 emission.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 19, 1937 NEW SERIES OF RADIO DRAMAS OPENS TONIGHT
By CARROLL NYE
“Take the Witness” titles a new series of dramas to be presented today by the Hollywood Columbia studios via KNX at 10 p.m., as a forerunner to television broadcasts of the future.
The broadcast, open to the public, will originate in the Hollywood Music Box Theater, and the actors will appear in costume, speak memorized lines and perform in specially designed stage settings.
The initial offering, “The Masquerade Murder,” is from the pen of Ashmead Scott, radio writer and producer.
Note: A second of front-row seats will be reserved for candid-camera bugs. (Los Angeles Times

THURSDAY, MAY 20, 1937
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI 910 kcs.

Television Clause
Eddie Cantor's new six-year contract under Texaco sponsorship contains a clause making Cantor available for television broadcast. Cantor also must be prepared at any time to direct, produce and star in any televised show under his present sponsorship. He also will supervise any programs used during his vacations. Cantor's contract doesn't contain the usual 13-week cancellation clauses. (Radio Daily)

FRIDAY, MAY 21, 1937
Sarnoff Sees No Tele Yet
Commercial Visual Broadcasting Is Not Planned by RCA and Others for At Least Two More Years
Chicago — There will be no commercial television this year, neither RCA nor any other manufacturer having such plans for the present season, while next year is problematical, President David Sarnoff of RCA told 500 wholesalers attending the annual RCA-Victor sales meeting here. The public can safely buy new receivers, knowing they will get full value before television receivers and programs are available, he declared.
Though television will bring greatly increased costs to advertisers, it also will bring greatly increased opportunities to justify those costs, Sarnoff pointed out. He said he expects television to utilize short movies for advertising purposes much after the fashion of present spot broadcasting in radio. He does not think television will supplant the movies.
RCA introduced 39 new models running from $24 to more than $250. It was also reported that all divisions of RCA have been operating in the black all this year, with prospects continuing bright. (Radio Daily)

Lubcke's Television Talk
West Coast Bureau. RADIO DAILY
Los Angeles — Harry R. Lubcke, Don Lee television chief, will talk to 600 delegates to the annual convention of Pacific Coast Electrical Ass'n at Hotel Huntington, Pasadena this weekend, on "Processes and Progress in Television." During the three-day session, he will broadcast (sight only) in a series of demonstrations which will be sent from the Don Lee image transmitter at Seventh and Bixel Streets, to Pasadena, more than eight miles away.

TUESDAY, MAY 25, 1937
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI, 910 kcs.

GONZAGA PURCHASES TELEVISION EQUIPMENT
Gonzaga university Tuesday [25] announced installation of a complete television transmitter and receiver, with an experimental transmitting range of 10 miles. The new equipment is an addition to the electrical engineering department of the engineering school.
It is expected the new apparatus will be ready for use some time in June, when it will be demonstrated to the public. First courses in television will be offered during the summer session, according to department heads. (Spokane Spokesman-Review, May 27)

THURSDAY, MAY 27, 1937
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI, 910 kcs.

April 1937

CBS was the leader in television programming in the early 1930s, but by the end of the decade, it was playing catch-up to NBC.

The company had taken W2XAB off the air in 1933, saying it had done all it could to develop live broadcasts. NBC, however, kept tinkering and was testing an improved W2XBS while CBS was waiting for a construction permit for a new transmitter. It finally got the okay in April 1937.

There was little other TV news that mouth, outside of a few interviews with people at NBC. W6XAO in Hollywood continued its Saturday broadcasts. W9XAT in Minneapolis was on the air Monday through Saturday and W9XK at the University of Iowa broadcast once or twice a week. All telecasts were 15 minutes and the sound came over a local radio station (the Minneapolis station was an independent that signed off at sunset).

THURSDAY, APRIL 1, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

FRIDAY, APRIL 2, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

CBS Television Site Set
Transmitter to be Located Atop Chrysler Building Will be Most Powerful Station of Its Kind
Upon receiving FCC permission to construct a combined television and sound transmitter, CBS will take over space on the 74th floor of the Chrysler Building here and start work on the most powerful station of its kind in the world. Peak power of 30 kilowatts (30,000 watts) will be equalled only by the finished apparatus now being constructed in Paris on the Eiffel Tower and will be sufficient to televise strong enough reception to receivers 40 miles away, or a total of some 4,800 square miles.
Acquisition of the Chrysler location gives CBS the only possible available tower high enough to surmount a reasonable horizon and comparable to NBC's station W2XBS located in the tower of the Empire State Building. This operates with power of 12,000 watts and has reported favorable reception to a point in Connecticut over 40 miles distant.
CBS engineers figure on an operating frequency somewhere between 42 and 56 megacycles. A distance of less than 100 feet will separate the transmitter from the antenna and consequently insure almost distortionless transfer of power. According to Dr. P. C. Goldmark, head of CBS tele research department, Chrysler tower is particularly desirable because of unobstructed skyline. Latest developments in high power wide band design will be incorporated. Dr. Goldmark said further:
"Experiments conducted by CBS engineers disclosed that the heighth [sic] of the antenna was not the only thing to be considered, despite the general impression to that effect. Fact that most of Manhattan's population is concentrated north of the Chrysler tower and that no higher buildings are located in that direction was of prime importance in selecting the site. This situation indicates that the radio waves will not be broken up or refracted by the steel skeletons of other skyscrapers and that therefore a common fault of television — the production of double images — will be avoided."
CBS conducted experiments with television some few years ago and discontinued it in 1933. Transmission of low definition pictures (with sound going through regular CBS channels) over station W2XAX later resulted in CBS conducting intense research here and abroad. Comparison of the progress in other countries was not overlooked. At the time of this tele, operation Bill Schudt, now manager of WBT, Charlotte, took an active part. These pictures technically known as low-definition images were 60-lines transmitted on a frequency of 2,800 kilocycles.
New station will, of course, stick to the 441-line basis agreed upon by U. S. experimental stations as per recommendation of the Radio Manufacturers Association. (Radio Daily)

SATURDAY, APRIL 3, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W6XAO Hollywood
8:00-8:15—Television (sound on KHJ, KGB, KDB and other Mutual-Don Lee stations).

MONDAY, APRIL 5, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

TUESDAY, APRIL 6, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

TELEVISION FIELD TESTS ARE RESUMED BY RCA
Field tests of RCA experimental television with the new 441-line definition were resumed yesterday [5] by NBC on the largest scale ever undertaken in the U. S. Tests will continue throughout the spring and summer months. Test programs will be televised daily from the NBC transmitter in the Empire State tower. NBC has been on the air with television since 1931, and has had the only television station in operation in New York City for the last four years. Quality of reception will be checked by NBC engineers on more than 75 receivers placed at selected points throughout the metropolitan area.
O. B. Hanson, NBC chief engineer, said the object of the new tests, which represent the latest development in seven years of television experiment by NBC, is to determine the home program potentialities of high definition television. RCA television of 441-line definition has been in operation in the laboratory since last December, but this will be the first test under practical field conditions.
In similar field tests of 343-line pictures held as early as last summer, NBC engineers received satisfactory pictures as far distant as 45 miles from the Empire State transmitter. Last December tests on this basis were discontinued to allow for necessary alterations to change the equipment over to the finer definition 441 -line system. (Radio Daily)

Television Will Soon Be Here Says Goldwyn
By HAROLD HEFFERNAN
North American Newspaper Alliance
HOLLYWOOD, April 6—Television is coming, and all Hollywood is lifting its eyebrows just a little—not certain how to react when it wakes some morning soon to find this new problem dumped right into its lap.
Few producers will discuss television, chiefly, they admit, because they know nothing about it. One of its lone boosters, however, is Samuel Goldwyn, dean of Hollywood film makers, who stated in an interview that he looks to the arrival of television as a great boon to the film industry. He thinks it will prove as beneficial a stimulant to movie attendance as the coming of sound was to the silent picture.
"Television is undoubtedly about to be given to the public," said Goldwyn. “At first they may not televise motion pictures, but when they do the entire world will be able to see them immediately. That will create a demand for more pictures than ever.
“Injure the motion picture industry? I should say not! It should prove a tremendous ally. At least that's my firm personal reaction.
"Of course, none of us in the film industry has been fully advised as to how motion pictures will be broadcast over television. But I understand this will be done exactly as is done with nation-wide radio broadcasts—over telephone lines to avoid distortion of the images by static.
“In that case, they probably will work out a dial system. Your newspapers will publish the list of pictures to be televised that particular evening. Then the patron will simply dial the ‘motion picture operator,’ ask for the picture of his choice, and then will be charged a certain amount on his telephone bill. That is the same kind of tie-up the telegraph companies are using successfully now."
The producer was asked what effect he thought the home use of television would have on theater investments and theater patronage throughout the world.
Effect on Patronage
“I don't believe it will have any effect at all on theater patronage,” he replied. "I say this because people by nature like to flock together. It wouldn't be nearly so much fun to sit home participating in some amusement as it would be to enjoy it with the crowd. There is something about going out to the theater, about dressing up for the evening, about mixing with other people that television cannot bring to you at home.
"Furthermore, the film Industry will have to refuse broadcast rights to certain of its better productions. You will undoubtedly find that business in the theaters for these big productions will be better than ever. And here's something else I’ll predict while I’m in the predicting mood. Watch and you'll see that the fine film productions will then run on a single bill for six and seven weeks instead of one week on a double bill as they do today.
"You'll find also that shorter pictures will be the popular choice for television broadcast because it is unlikely home audiences will want to sit more than an hour, with the neighbors dropping in, the telephone ringing and other interruptions so common of an evening in an average household.”
Sees No Threat
Goldwyn scoffs at the fears advanced by some right in his own business that television is a dangerous threat to the whole movie industry, and that it might actually ruin it.
“Not unless were too slow and stupid to fight back," retorted the producer. “The advancement of radio forced the films to find sound. The rise of television will force the motion picture industry to find some other new step forward.
"I have always believed in facing the inevitable and, if it's a fight, every last producer in this business should line up and fight back with better entertainment. People will never (and Goldwyn slapped his desk emphatically as he shouted the word) stop going to movie theaters to see great entertainment.”
Goldwyn concluded his views with a stab at his pet hobgoblin—the double feature bill.
“If these double bills keep on driving people out of the theaters,” he said, "and if Hollywood keeps on deliberately making mediocre pictures—what it blandly terms the 'B' picture—I myself would prefer to sit home at my television outfit.”
Shrewd Producer
Goldwyn, who has become known as the “one-man industry" because of his lone-wolf policy of producing heavy programs of costly films, each one under his own personal supervision, is regarded as the shrewdest and most far-visioned of the few remaining old-timers, so his views on this new electrical threat to the industry are looked upon here as extremely potent and timely.
Recently Goldwyn revised all his players' contracts, inserting clauses which read as follows:
“...That he will render his services as an actor in television productions ...; that he will render his services in connection with the broadcasting or transmission of his likeness and voice by means of television ...; that he will not render his services for television without the written consent of the producer."
The producer is also known to be experimenting now through his camera department with a special "television negative" for films.
"We'll probably soon be shooting two different negatives on the same picture," confided Gregg Toland, chief cinematographer at the Goldwyn Studio. "One will be for theater consumption and the other for air reproduction. We are experimenting with them now over several Los Angeles stations."

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 7, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

Tele Will Need Sponsors
Sarnoff Tells RCA Annual Meet That High Cost of Visual Programs Will Require Ad Support
Costliness of television, not only in its current experimental stages, but when in actual operation, will mean that support will really devolve upon the advertiser as it does in broadcasting, said David Sarnoff, president of RCA, at the annual stockholders' meeting yesterday afternoon. Sarnoff reviewed the various RCA activities, including broadcasting, communications, research and manufacturing.
Relative to broadcasting, Sarnoff stressed the progress made in supplying informative and educational as well as entertaining programs, while leading advertisers continued to take increased advantage of the NBC facilities to reach the public with business and industry messages. Fan mail of the RCA broadcasts of the Metropolitan opera reached a new high by way of public appreciation, while next month, he predicted would again make radio history with broadcasts of the Coronation.
Television was making rapid strides Sarnoff said, pictures now being televised being about double that of the former 5 1/2 x 7 inches.
Coverage of the U. S. with approximately 3 million square miles of territory and about 130,000,000 inhabitants presents a problem "more formidable" than in England, where the area is small and the population concentrated, he pointed out. Mentioning the government subsidy of television in England, Sarnoff was sure that reception would be free to the American home through private enterprise. Further technical improvement was necessary in transmission as well as reception, but as the improvements were made, costs should decrease and reduce the huge financial outlays now necessary in starting a nation-wide television service.
Sponsored tele programs were definitely a part of the future status of this new form of entertainment, stated Sarnoff, because the program service will be costly and support will devolve upon advertisers as it does in broadcasting. Before sponsors can be interested, however, it is necessary to provide a seeing and hearing audience. He pointed out that RCA equipment was second to none, that developments in England were based on RCA patents and reminded his hearers that CBS in re-entering the field of tele had purchased RCA apparatus. (Radio Daily)

THURSDAY, APRIL 8, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

FRIDAY, APRIL 9, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

SATURDAY, APRIL 10, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

Caltech Open House Ends Tonight
So great was the throng at the opening of the California Institute of Technology public exhibition last night [9] that enough tickets for the "canned lightning" display were requested to run four hours over the closing time, 11 p. m.
The largest attendance in the history of the event, which continues today, resulted in automobiles being parked for six blocks in all directions and Tournament Park was jammed.
Officers Clear Jam
Officers were summoned to clear the jam at the afternoon demonstration of television, which will be continuous today. Arrangements have been completed with KHJ to broadcast the television from 9 a. m. to 12, and 1 to 5 p. m., which are the open house hours today.
Five major news reels were on hand for the first time, photographing the lightning show in the high tension laboratory, sparks from the tesla coil that are caught by a student with his finger, and campus activities. (Pasadena Post)



MONDAY, APRIL 12, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:15-12:30—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

TUESDAY, APRIL 13, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

Don Lee Television Draws Coast Crowds
West Coast Bureau. RADIO DAILY
Los Angeles — Don Lee installed its television receiving apparatus in the Cal. Tech Annual Electrical Progress exhibition over the week-end, sent pictures and sound more than 10 miles from its studios at 15-minute intervals over Friday and Saturday and drew biggest crowds of any exhibit of the show. Because it worked on a seven-hour daily schedule, the usual Don Lee custom of using KHJ for the sound was given up, and the ultra high frequency station, W1OXFZ was used, with pictures going out on W6XAO. (Radio Daily)

Back on the air with its New York field test television transmitter after a changeover to provide pictures of greater detail and clarity, NBC expects to devote a big share of its Spring and Summer research to program problems.
A tentative schedule is under consideration calling for four special evening transmissions a week on alternate weeks. The exact times will vary according to the test requirements. A full technical staff is to be maintained in the studio to aid program and production men.
The tests, which are being conducted in cooperation with RCA, which developed the system used, are to concern themselves with various scenes and types of performances. For looking-in purposes, the number of receivers in the New York area has been increased to more than 75, to be used only by the engineers. The transmitter is located in the Empire State Building with the studio in the network's Radio City quarters. (Andrew Smith, Birmingham News)

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 14, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:15-12:30—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

THURSDAY, APRIL 15, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:15-12:30—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

FRIDAY, APRIL 16, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:15-12:30—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

Exposition Plans Television Display
It was revealed that television will form an important part in the Golden Gate International Exposition yesterday [16] as directors announced that their financial campaign had reached $2,017,983.75. Television will be used in broadcasting, with radio and movie stars as a special feature of the fair. Committees of volunteer workers are trying to get subscriptions of $7,500,000 to finance the exposition. Subscriptions obtained yesterday totaled $110,000. (Oakland Tribune, Apr. 17)

SATURDAY, APRIL 17, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W6XAO, Hollywood
8:00-8:15—Television (sound on KHJ and other Mutual-Don Lee stations).

MONDAY, APRIL 19, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:15-12:30—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

CBS Gets Television Permit
Washington Bureau, RADIO DAILY
Washington — FCC Saturday [17] granted application of CBS for construction permit authorizing changes in equipment, increase in power of visual broadcasting transmitter to 7500 watts and move of transmitter to top of Chrysler Building. (Radio Daily)

Hopes of Television Are Spurred by Test
West Coast Bureau, RADIO DAILY
Los Angeles — Successful spanning of a distance of 10 1/2 miles with "sight and sound" by the Television Division of the Don Lee Broadcasting System here last week has spurred interest and hopes in the proximity of regular television broadcasts. The latest demonstrations here, piloted by Harry R. Lubcke, were witnessed by both laymen and noted scientists, among them Nobel Prize Winner Dr. Robert A. Millikan. The television programs were transmitted many times during the day at 15-minute intervals.
These repeated demonstrations were performed via the Don Lee owned and operated experimental television station W6XAO which carried the mages, and an auxiliary ultra-short wave channel which conveyed the sound. They marked the first time that high-definition television (300 lines to the image, repeated at the rate of 24 images per second) had been broadcast so great a distance. Transmitters were located in the Don Lee Building in Los Angeles while the television receiver was located in the Physics Exhibit at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, a distance of slightly more than 10 ½ miles. (Radio Daily)

Playwrights Granting Film Television Rights
In selling the film rights to a stage play, the Dramatists' Guild is now granting film companies the right to televise the motion picture produced from the play, but reserves to the author the right to televise the play with living actors, RADIO DAILY was advised Saturday [17] by Sidney R. Fleischer, arbiter for the Dramatists' Guild.
Previously the Dramatists' Guild had refused to include television rights in the sale of movie rights to a play. (Radio Daily)

TUESDAY, APRIL 20, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:15-12:30—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

SET FOR HEARING
NEW, Zenith Radio Corp., Chicago, CP television station 100w.

DON GILMAN TO CONFER ON TELEVISION STUDIO
San Francisco — Among matters to be taken up with NBC officials in New York by Don E. Gilman, v. p. in charge of the western division, who leaves tomorrow for the east, will be the question of whether NBC will expand its present Hollywood studios or seek more space elsewhere in order to provide for television developments.
Having just recently completed Hollywood studios, NBC is now confronted with the necessity of enlarging its quarters to meet the increasing demands for programs from the film capital, Gilman said.
Rapid extension of both Pacific networks is another reason for Gilman's trip, which will keep him east for several weeks. (Radio Daily)

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 21, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:15-12:30—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

Economic Factor Is Biggest Obstacle to Home Television
V.K. Zworykin, RCA Laboratory Experimenter, Says Vision Sets Are Technically Acceptable Today for Home Use; 3 by 4-foot Screen Planned
By TELECASTER
The economic factor rather than technical imperfection is keeping television out of the home. . . . Progress in technical development has been so rapid in the past two years that sets could be placed in the home tomorrow, with excellent reception in a limited area assured. . . . The answer to the economic problem in television will be forthcoming in the "near future." , . . These statements and other interesting comments concerning progress in the field of television were made last Wednesday evening [21] by V. K. Zworykin, inventor, scientist and television expert before 200 members of the Atlantic Coast section of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers in New York City.
Dr. Zworykin, whore achievements in the RCA laboratories in Camden have won universal acclaim, described the television set-up of today, explained the relationship between the field of television and motion pictures, and, with a series of slides, pictured the multiple equipment and complexity of transmitting pictures through the air.
Ready for the Home
Questioned by this writer following his lecture whether sets developed today offered acceptable reception for home use, the inventor, assuredly replied: "Oh, yes!" He revealed for the first time at the lecture that RCA is working on a small cathode ray tube, which, with the addition of a lens could magnify the picture to a site of three by four feet. However, he stated that he was not in a position at the time to go into detail, or to reveal the manner in which the enlarged screen process is being developed.
Dr. Zworykin stated that RCA recently increased its television screen from 5 to 7 1/2 inches to 7 1/2 by 10 inches. The pictures received are sufficiently bright to enable reception in a well-lighted room. Pictures, he added, are a pinkish-yellow color, and quite an improvement over the earlier greenish tinted views.
RCA receivers in their present form resemble quite closely a large console radio set. There are at present 100 experimental sets in operation in the New York area, he said.
Each set has seven control knobs, although tuning is simple. One control knob places both sight and sound into operation. The other six knobs—three for sight and three for sound—are used to adjust the clarity of the picture or sound for one's own needs.
The noted scientist then delivered a discourse on the technical development of the transmission and reception through use of the iconoscope, which he developed, and the kinescope, better known as the cathode ray tube.
He explained the choice of ultra short waves for transmission and the limitations of these waves as to the carrying distance of the pictures. It was interesting to note that whereas 24 pictures pass through a motion picture camera per second, in television the number of pictures or frames has been stepped up to 30.
Send Pictures 45 Miles
The range of transmission at present varies from 25 to 45 miles, although the pictures transmitted in New York have been picked up in Camden, a distance of 90 miles. At that distance, however, Dr. Zworykin said, reception was inconsistent, depending on conditions.
Pictures of studio sets employed in transmitting experimental programs were exhibited. The speaker told of the cameras used for outdoor televising, the camera is equipped with f. 2.7 lens.
Results of tests made to date have proved the system is "very satisfactory," he added. The NBC handling of the equipment has proved the practicability of the system employed. The economic problem, however, is causing the delay in home development, he inferred.
Following the lecture, an open forum was conducted in which engineers questioned the inventor as to principles employed in transmission. It was during this portion of the meeting that Dr. Zworykin revealed the heretofore unknown fact that RCA was working on a smaller cathode ray tube with lens to magnify pictures on enlarged screen. The greatest problem in this regard, he said. has been to I create enough intensity of light to make the enlarged screen well illuminated. (Sunday Times, New Brunswick, N.J., Apr. 25)

THURSDAY, APRIL 22, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:15-12:30—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

FRIDAY, APRIL 23, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:15-12:30—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

SATURDAY, APRIL 24, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:15-12:30—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W6XAO, Hollywood
8:00-8:15—Television (sound on KHJ and other Mutual-Don Lee stations).

MONDAY, APRIL 26, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

TUESDAY, APRIL 27, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 28, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

THURSDAY, APRIL 29, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:45-1:00—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

EUROPEAN TELEVISION RECEIVED IN AMERICA
By WATSON DAVIS
(Director, Science Service.
WASHINGTON, April 30.—Reception of some schedules of television transmitters in London and Berlin at Riverhead, N. Y., was reported to the International Scientific Radio Union and the Institute of Radio Engineers meeting jointly here today.
These signals were 40 to 45 mega-cycles, which is shorter in wave length than even the short waves commonly receivable with present short wave sets. H. O. Peterson and D. R. Goddard of R. C. A. communications explained that daily observations of these transatlantic signals had been made since the middle of January.
Such short waves are generally not considered to travel much farther than the eye can see. But direction measurements showed that at times the signal arrived from he reverse direction over the longest way around the world.
INTERSTELLAR NOISE
The noise that originates in the interstellar spaces of the universe is generally the ultimate barrier to receiving radio signals on very short waves, K. G. Jansky of the Bell Telephone laboratories told the scientists. Some years ago Mr. Pansky discovered static coming out of the depths of the universe. In the absence of man-made interference the usable signal strength is usually limited by this astronomical interference.
PREDICTING RADIO CONDITIONS
Hope that scientists will be able to predict radio transmission conditions a month or more in advance was held out by A. K. Ludy of the U. S. coast and geodetic survey and A. G. McNish of the Carnegie Institution's department of terrestrial magnetism. To correlate more closely the activity of the earth's magnetic field with radio transmission, these scientists are compiling a twice daily measure of the magneto conditions as observed at seven world-wide stations. These "character figures" will be distributed by Science Service throughout the world and are expected to reveal practically useful relations between radio and the earth's magnetism.

March 1937

Live television was still pretty awkward in the latter half of the 1930s, when NBC was testing its electronic system.

A woman named Betty Goodwin was W2XBS’ star in those days. There were maybe 100 TV sets in New York at the time, and they seem to have been in the hands of RCA/NBC engineers, not the general public. By the time NBC was ready to make television public at the World’s Fair in 1939, she was gone; the New York Times of May 8, 1938 announced her resignation. She tells an amusing tale of how she unexpectedly got into television excerpted on this web page.

CBS finally formally announced its intention to get back into television, after shutting down W2XAB in 1933. For the time being, it intended to use different call-letters.

W9XAT in Minneapolis began a daily schedule in late March 1937. The local papers didn't say what was on the 15-minute broadcast. W6XAO in Hollywood debuted a short film in its regular Saturday night slot, and W9XK at the University of Iowa continued regular broadcasts.

Despite being “around the corner,” television got the attention of movie studios at the start of 1937. Feature films included Murder By Television, starring Bela Lugosi, and Trapped By Television, starring Lyle Talbot. There was a Ray Smeck short simply titled Television Highlights.

TUESDAY, MARCH 2, 1937
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 3, 1937
TELEVISION WORK COST RADIO CORP. OVER HALF MILLION
NEW YORK, March 3—(AP)—Radio Corporation of America spent $595,898.83 for Television research last year, it was reported.
“The tests are not yet complete,” the report said, adding however, that “we are moving toward ultimate realization of satisfactory high definition television.”
Distance covered in tests has exceeded expectations, the report said, one favorable location 45 miles from the transmitter obtaining consistent reception. (C.E. Butterfield column)

FRIDAY, MARCH 5, 1937
Demonstrate Television For Lawyers Association
Members of the Communications Committee of the New York County Lawyers' Association will get their first practical experience in the operation of television tonight [5] when they are the guests of National Broadcasting Co. at a television demonstration in Radio City.
The demonstration, arranged by A. L. Ashby, vice-president and general counsel of National Broadcasting, director of the N.Y.C.L.A., and chairman of the Communications Committee, will be held in the NBC board room on the sixth floor of the RCA building. Charles Evans Hughes Jr., president of the association; Robert C. Morris, past president: Terrance J. McManus, secretary, and approximately 30 members of the Communications Committee will be present. The entertainment portion of the demonstration will feature a parade of millinery models; Jean Sablon. French entertainer; Jean O'Neill, recently discovered young blues singer, and a news reel. (Radio Daily)

Progress Made in Television Shown New York Lawyers
NEW YORK, March 6 (AP)—Except that the pictures had greater detail, thus with enhanced entertainment value, Friday night's [5] private demonstration of the RCA system of television was much like previous showings in New York. Guests were the 30 members of the communications committee of the New York County Lawyers' Association.
Transmission from the special NBC studio to the receivers was by direct line rather than via the air. The performers were Jean Sablon, French singer; beautiful Jean O'Neill, blues singer; Joe Lilly, pianist; Easter hat models and Betty Goodwin as announcer.
The purpose of the tests was to show lawyers interested in communication the progress made in television and some of its possible future applications. (C.E. Butterfield column).

SATURDAY, MARCH 6, 1937
W6XAO Hollywood
8:15-8:30—Television (sound on KHJ, KGB, KDB and other Mutual-Don Lee stations).

Television Beauties Require Brown and Orange Make-Up
By C.E. Butterfield
(Associated Press Radio Editor)
NEW YORK, March 6—The television beauty is on the way and, thanks to make-up, she may surpass even the comeliest movie queens. She'll have an exaggerated sun tan with a luscious mouth, gorgeous hair and large lustrous eyes. Right now she's developing in the experimental field tests RCA engineers are conducting.
Oranges and browns predominate in television make-up which has to be different because the electric camera is choosey about certain colors. Red shows up white, hence brown lipstick is used with just enough red for feminine vanity.
READY FOR THE AIR
Betty Goodwin, NBC staff writer used considerably in the tests, tells how the make-up man prepares tier for the air:
"First, he places an even coating of orange-tinted foundation cream all over my face.
“Then my mouth is penciled in, a bit larger than natural and with a dark reddish brown lip rouge. The outline is made with a fine brush, then the color is solidly filled in.
"Of course, nicely shaped black eyebrows are essential to accentuate the eyes, even for blondes like me. A brush puts them on.
“This part completed, a heavy layer of orange-tinted powder goes on, with surplus brushed off. There must be no shine on my face, or the camera will pick it up. After that, a final patting to be sure the surface is evenly powdered.
"Finally, my hair is brushed and fluffed out, to catch the studio lights. Tightly combed hair makes one look bald."
ANNOUNCERS MAKE UP, TOO
When she acts, she must go through her part without a stop, for there can be no retakes in television as in the movies. Even the male announcers must wear make-up.



TUESDAY, MARCH 9, 1937
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

THURSDAY, MARCH 11, 1937
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

SATURDAY, MARCH 13, 1937
W6XAO Hollywood
8:15-8:30—Television (sound on KHJ, KGB, KDB and other Mutual-Don Lee stations).
Television Film Preview On Don Lee-Mutual Net
West Coast Bureau of RADIO DAILY
Los Angeles— Don Lee-Mutual will air a film preview by television Saturday night when the Metropolitan Water District's production, "Empire of the West," goes out by sight and sound over the combined television transmitter W6X80 [sic] and the 10 stations of the Don Lee chain. Picture is in three reels. Don Kinsey, water district director, and other officials will hold special viewing party at D.L.'s receiving plant at the head of Silver Lake, picture starts 8:15, runs 30 minutes.

Television Now Nearly Ready For Public, Assert Expert Observers
By C.E. BUTTERFIELD
New York, March 13 (AP)—Television in America, when will it come? This year, next, or when?
Nobody has been willing to say definitely, but some expert observers, admitting there still are plenty of problems for solution, believe television might well be a public instead of a laboratory possibility today.
That is, provided it faced a situation identical to the introduction of sound broadcasting back in the '20's.
When broadcasting began it had a clear field—a new venture in home entertainment, except for the phonograph.
Television also is something different for the home—fireside movies out of the air. But it is stepping into a field already pretty well occupied. Such as:
Sound broadcasting—a development which in 16 years has grown into a going concern that pays its way, with a good profit.
The movies—now a closer rival to the stage with talk and song added only within the last decade; also a huge industry that does its figuring in the billions.
TELEVISION TO SQUEEZE IN.
Where television is to be fitted into this twin picture is not yet quite clear. There has been much comment as to what might happen.
For one thing, stress is being laid in repeated statements that television is to be supplementary to and not a replacement for sound broadcasting. Also, its reaction on the movies is to be nil, or nearly so. However, many disagree with this prediction.
What effect radio pictures will have on the movies also is conjecture. But experts see it as a possible important user of films for broadcasting, opening a new mass output for Hollywood. These same experts say, too, that it is difficult to determine in advance whether the potential television audience would rather watch air movies at home or go to a theater.
Ultimate public introduction apparently must await an approach to the solution of two important problems. One centers around how it is to be offered. In this connection there is a desire to avoid any radical move that might cause any sudden disruption of the present set-up.
Also, there are no facilities yet for network distribution, although two schemes, wire and radio, are in development. The wire would employ the coaxial cable; the other, ultra short wave relays.
MAY BE STATION AFFAIR.
So, the beginning, if it precedes a network setup, must then be an individual station affair, just like the start of sound, progressing gradually from city to city.
Closely coupled therewith is the cost. Television no doubt will require much more money than sound, both for program production and station operation, to say nothing of equipment.
Most authorities seem to feel television will follow in the footsteps of broadcasting in paying its way. That is, the advertiser would foot the bill, with the home-viewer contributing through the purchase of receivers.
However, broadcasters will have to get started with programs and build up an audience before they can think about returns. That's the way sound did.
Yet, despite these money handicaps, many commentators already are foreseeing television as a billion dollar industry when it gets going.
Another point: Public acceptance is something that cannot be forecast. Advance indications are that receivers will cost maybe $500 at the start. Also there is the likelihood, after the novelty wears off, of a possible reaction due to the fact that early, television will not be the equal of the movies in picture definition. Still there seems to be a belief that improvements will have overcome such drawbacks.
Technical advancement in the laboratory, still with many goals to reach, has been rapid. In fact, persons seeing the pictures for the first time generally remark: "excellent."
That may be, but engineers have been rather hesitant in displaying their handiwork until the last year or so. They have indicated it was their desire to make ready a much more finished device than was the case with sound. Apparently they are seeking to avoid the trials and tribulations of early radio. Sounds sets at first were far from the efficient apparatus of today.
Meanwhile, field tests in New York, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles are actively going forward with engineers and other television experts as the sole observers.
England, too, is running field tests, with this difference: the public can look in by buying receivers already on the market.
But, as to a public introduction date here, there is none in prospect. Most of the comment is negative, like:
"Christmas is more certain of coming this year than television."

MONDAY, MARCH 15, 1937
CBS on Television
Status of CBS on television, summarized by President William S. Paley in his annual report to stockholders, follows:
"There is much still to be done. At the moment I believe that anything like satisfactory television broadcasting is still well in the distance. Yet sudden achievements in the laboratories could accelerate its coming. We are doing our part to hasten it. We shall soon be in position to tell something of what we are doing." (Radio Daily)

Televise Visa Sought
Washington.—The Allen B. Dumont Laboratories have applied to the FCC for a permit for a new television station in Upper Montclair. (Hollywood Reporter)

TUESDAY, MARCH 16, 1937
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

THURSDAY, MARCH 18, 1937
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

FRIDAY, MARCH 19, 1937
Daily Television Show From WDGY, Minneapolis
Minneapolis — WDGY has started a new series of television broadcasts through its station W9XAT, at 12:30 p.m. daily, under the personal direction of George Jacobson, chief technician.
Dr. George Young, owner of the station, is one of the pioneers, in television and has complete studio equipment costing between $40,000 and $50,000. (Radio Daily)

SATURDAY, MARCH 20, 1937
W6XAO Hollywood
8:00-8:15—Television (sound on KHJ, KGB, KDB and other Mutual-Don Lee stations).

MONDAY, MARCH 22, 1937
Television to Be Demonstrated
Purdue university's progress in developing television will be revealed Tuesday evening [23] at a demonstration to be conducted by Profs. R. H. George and H. J. Heim in room 254 of the electrical engineering building, all persons interested being invited to attend. The Purdue branch of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers is sponsoring the event. Signals from the Purdue experimental television broadcasting station W9XG will be picked up on a receiving set that has been devised in the course of research work at the university and images will be received. The set operates without moving parts.
George and Heim established W9XG for broadcasting purposes and have conducted the research work on television at Purdue for seven years, first with funds provided by the Grgsby-Grunow [sic] company and the last few years un-der the auspices of R. C. A. which holds patents on the developments made at Purdue. (Lafayette Journal and Courier)

TUESDAY, MARCH 23, 1937
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

THURSDAY, MARCH 25, 1937
General Television Testing Cathode Ray
Boston — Having rebuilt its station and equipment to conform with new standards. General Television Institute will shortly test its new apparatus, marking the first appearance in New England of the electronic cathode ray television. Hollis S. Baird is chief engineer of the Institute, which has Television Station W1XG. (Radio Daily)

FRIDAY, MARCH 26, 1937
Lasky Asserts Television Not To Come Soon
By RELMAN MORIN
HOLLYWOOD, CALIF., March 26 —(AP)—Television, says Film Producer Jesse Lasky, may be just around the corner, but there's a long road to be traveled before anyone gets to it.
The pioneer movie maker listed three major difficulties.
1. The gregarious instinct that sends people to theaters.
2. The unsuitability of radio stars for filming.
3. The nerve-strain that would be necessitated by heavy concentration on a comparatively small screen.
"Understand, I'm convinced television is coming," the producer said, "but it won't come on enough for any of us to worry about."
He said he believed the technical frailties that now beset television will be corrected.
"But I don't believe people will choose to stay home, by themselves, for a television broadcast, rather than go to a theater to see a movie. To many, the sensation of being in a crowd, with lights and life around, is very important.
"As for talent, we're having trouble finding, in radio, people who are suitable for pictures."
Lasky said television in its present form would be too much of a strain on the tired business man at night.
"After all, you can read or walk around or relax while merely listening. But it would require a genuine effort for a man to sit with his eyes glued on a screen hardly bigger than the average window."
Lasky said he believed television might first develop in the field of news-reporting.
"Assuming that the technical aspects can be straightened out, television would occupy an important function by transmitting pictures of news events directly from the scene.
"But all that is still a long, long distance away."

MONDAY, MARCH 29, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

CBS Television To Include Plant At $500,000 Cost
Application Filed With FCC For Chrysler Bldg. Studios
DIVULGING plans to invest nearly $500,000 in an RCA television tranmitter [sic] to be located atop the Chrysler Bldg. in New York and in specially designed studios, CBS on March 29 filed with the FCC an application for a new experimental television station of 7,500 watts.
Filing of the application substantiated the report published in March 15 issue of BROADCASTING that the network was formulating visual radio plans. It set forth that $330,000 would be expended for an RCA television transmitter, now being manufactured at RCA Mfg. Co. plant at Camden, N. J., with an additional $130,000 for a studio capable of accomodating [sic] both visual and audio pickup. The antenna atop the Chrysler Bldg. will be 971 feet from the ground.
Goldmark In Charge
In its application, CBS requests assignment on the 42,000-66,000 kc., and 60,000 and 56,000 kc. experimental high-frequency television bands. The new station would have the call W2XAX. Experiments will be under the direct supervision of Peter C. Goldmark, television engineer with CBS since January, 1936, and prior to that in charge of television for Pye Radio Ltd., of Cambridge, Eng. From 1934 to 1936 he was chief engineer of World Radio, radio manufacturers of New York. His chief assistant is John N. Dyer, since 1933 a CBS engineer, and since last January specializing in high-frequency television.
Filing of the application followed the designation CBS of Paul W. Keston, vice-president and a general executive of the company, as official in charge of television development and preparation. In its decision to experiment with high-frequency television, CBS proposes to invade a field in which its chief competitor, NBC, has been engaged through its parent company, RCA. NBC has been conducting daily television experiments from atop the 1248 ft. Empire State Building, as well as in the Camden laboratories of RCA, using 441 line pictures. Philco Radio & Television Co. also is experimenting with 441-line images.
In outlining proposed experiments, CBS stated it proposed to study the effect of simultaneous transmission by more than one television transmitter (a) on identical frequencies, with the transmitters geographically separated (b) on different frequencies with transmitters geographically separated and (c) on different frequencies with transmitters not geographically separated. It also proposes comparative field strength measurements, together with studies of receiver and antenna design, elimination of man-made interferences, synchronization with various types of receivers; testing of different types of studio equipment; research into suitable equipment and technique to determine production costs; studio design, illumination and ventilation, and finally, a study of equipment and means of bringing about television network operation. (Broadcasting, Apr. 1)

TUESDAY, MARCH 30, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.
W9XK, University of Iowa
7:15 to 7:30—Television program with radio station WSUI.

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 31, 1937
W9XAT, Minneapolis
12:30-12:45—Television with radio station WDGY 1180 kcs.

Now, for your viewing pleasure: TRAPPED BY TELEVISION.